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Abstract
Most cancer-related deaths occur due to the formation of metastases. In the case of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), metastases are not formed so often, but relapses of the disease are observed
with their appearance in the lymph nodes, lungs, and bones.
Of particular danger are radioiodine-resistant metastases, which are
the main cause of deaths. Therefore, the study of metastatic markers
is important at the pre- and postoperative stages of patient treatment
in order to assess the probability of metastases in the near
and distant future. Metastasis occurs through a cascade of events
involving seven different steps: cell detachment from the primary
site, cell intravasation into vascular or lymphatic channels; cell survival
in the circulatory system, adhesion in blood vessels, cell extravasation
into new loci, colony establishment at a new location,
and formation of tumor-specific blood vessels and angiogenesis.
Stages 1 and 7 are associated with the functioning of matrix metalloproteinases
(MMPs), which are capable of destroying components
of the extracellular matrix (ECM). During pathological conditions including
arthritis, tumor invasion, metastasis, and autoimmune disorders,
MMPs play a critical role in excessive ECM degradation. MMP
dysregulation in different types of cancer plays a dual role in tumor
growth and metastasis processes. Studies suggest the therapeutic
potential for targeting MMPs in invasive cancer-related processes.
MMP-2 expression correlates with clinical characteristics of cancer
patients and its expression profile is a novel diagnostic and prognostic
biomarker for various human diseases. MMP-2, which plays
an important role in metastasis, is one of the emerging therapeutic
targets, and manipulation of its expression or function may be a
potential treatment strategy for various diseases, including thyroid
cancer. MMPs are actively involved in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal
transition (EMT), tumor cell dissemination, and angiogenesis,
which contributes to the development of РТС and metastasis.
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