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Abstract
Abstract. The review of the literature is devoted to the markers and mechanisms of the metastasis formation. The emphasis is placed on relatively little-studied processes – the role of the tumor stiffness and its microenvironment, the participation of tumor-associated fibroblasts in these processes; the formation of premetastatic niches, the transition of disseminated cells into a dormant state and, especially, the mechanisms that provoke the exit of metastases from this state, which is of significant practical importance. It has been established that the sites of future metastases are not passive recipients of cancer cells, but are selectively and actively modified by the primary tumor even before metastatic spread has occurred. Tumors induce the formation of a microenvironment in distant organs, which will promote the survival and growth of tumor cells after their seeding in metastatic sites. The importance of determining the factors that contribute to the formation of premetastatic niches in thyroid carcinomas is emphasized. Sometimes, instead of the formation of premetastatic niches that increase the efficiency of metastasis, specialized microenvironments can arise in which tumor cells survive in a state of rest. The cellular and molecular components of the niches that promote the quiescence of disseminated cells are now being elucidated. Factors that can provoke the exit of the disseminated tumor cells from a state of dormancy are given. The main attention is paid to thyroid metastasis markers – transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), matrix metalloproteases (MMP), fibroblast growth factors 19 (FGF19), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibronectin, integrins, alpha smooth muscles actin (α-SMA), syndecans, Src family kinases, CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, markers of cancer stem cells, etc. Of special interest are markers that can be detected in blood plasma and by the method of fine-needle biopsy in the preoperative period.
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