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Abstract
Cell transplantation is the most promising and physiological approach to the treatment of endocrine gland dysfunction. The obtained data indicate the eff ectiveness of the use of stem cells (SCs) for the treatment of a number of endocrine diseases and, fi rst of all, type 1 diabetes. SCs are cells with clonogenic potential that can selfrepair and diff erentiate into various cell types. They are responsible for the regeneration and development of organs and tissues. SCs off er many opportunities for regenerative medicine and serve as a promising model system for studying the early stages of human embryonic development. Numerous molecular mechanisms underlying SC selfrepair and diff erentiation have been elucidated. The main signaling pathways involved in SCs are JAK/STAT, Notch, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Wnt, Hedgehog, TGF-β, and Hippo, which exert their eff ects through numerous, specifi c for each pathway transcription factors. Analysis of their status and sequence of activation, suppression and interaction is extremely important in the context of SC functioning. A breakthrough in the generation of pluripotent cells from somatic cells was achieved due to the overexpression of specifi c transcription factors. Both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are distinguished by their ability to proliferate in an undiff erentiated state and diff erentiate into any cell type in the human body, which refl ects their enormous therapeutic potential. The development of protocols for diff erentiating pluripotent cells to insulin-producing β-cells requires a clear understanding of the involvement and cross- interaction of a number of cell signaling systems and their transcription factors dependent on them. In the protocols for the development of β-cells from pluripotent cells, six stages were established using specifi c inducing factors. To assess the progress and eff ectiveness of diff erentiation, specifi c markers are used.
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