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Abstract
The atypical localization of any organs and tissues of the human body is not only an interesting topic for observing for casuistic cases and their comparison, but also a significant medical problem when it becomes necessary to differentiate the reasons for the emergence of symptom complexes at the junction of various specialties. As a rule, the history of such patients is quite typical — long-term follow-up by various specialists until the detection of dystopia. It is especially important to remember about such cases when it comes to endocrine organs and tissues, the ectopic localization of which is combined with hormonal imbalance. The ectopia of pancreatic β-cells, accompanied by a hypoglycemic symptom complex caused by the excessive insulin synthesis by such cells, has been relatively well studied. Ectopic tissue of the thyroid gland is quite rare, therefore, it has not been fully studied. For 100 years in the English-language literature, only about 500 reports of cases of thyroid ectopia were published, in particular about 373 cases of goiter of the root of the tongue. Unfortunately, there are still no unified electronic registers of such rare conditions that would allow them to be much better researched and analyzed. Asymptomatic forms of ectopic thyroid tissue which are accompanied by hormonal imbalance, usually do not require special treatment but are subject to observation to clarify changes in their size and structure in the dynamics. Treatment of patients with symptoms arising from mechanical factors and/or disorders of the thyroid status depends on the size of the ectopic thyroid gland, its localization, dominant symptoms and data on the pathomorphological structure of the node. For any of the localizations, such ectopia may be the only thyroid tissue in the body or exist simultaneously with the normal thyroid gland and have an increased tendency to tumor transformation. The presence of two or more foci of ectopic thyroid tissue is an even rarer anomaly. The article provides an overview of the distribution, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of ectopically located thyroid goiter, also describes a clinical case of diagnosis and treatment of goiter of the tongue root.
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