Abstract
Abstract. Cancer is caused by a number of factors, including chemical carcinogenesis, somatic mutations, epigenetic changes, and viral infections. Most cancer-related deaths occur due to the formation of metastases. In the case of papillary thyroid carcinoma, metastases are not formed as often as in other types of cancer, but relapses of the disease with the appearance of metastases in the lymph nodes, lungs, and bones are still observed. Of particular danger are radioiodine-resistant metastases, which are the main cause of death. Therefore, the study of metastatic markers is important at the pre- and postoperative stages of patients treatment in order to assess the probability of occurrence of metastases in the near and distant future.
The aim. The literature review is devoted to the description of the most well-known markers of thyroid metastasis.
Material and methods. The keywords «markers of metastasis» AND «thyroid» AND «papillary carcinoma» were used to search for sources in the scientific databases ResearchGate, PubMed® and Google Scholar. A total of 33 literature sources were selected for in-depth analysis.
Results. The importance of identifying the factors that contribute to the formation of premetastatic niches in thyroid carcinomas and radioiodine resistance is emphasized. The main attention is paid to thyroid metastasis markers, involved in the transformation of tumor cells into metastatic ones and in the epithelialmesenchymal transition. The significance of such markers of thyroid metastasis as survivin, transforming growth factor beta and
its DEx3 isoform, regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition – E-cadherin/N-cadherin, vimentin, S100A4, Abelson interactor 1, matrix metalloproteases, fibroblast growth factor 19, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, mucins, membrane
proteins and cytoskeleton proteins – fibronectin, integrins, alphasmooth axis, cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44 (CD44v6), proliferation
markers Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 is analyzed. Of particular interest are markers that can be detected in blood plasma in the preoperative period – amino acids, phospholipids, MMP-2/9, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases ½, vascular adhesion protein –1, CK19 fragment – CYFRA21-1.
Conclusions. The study of molecular biomarkers of metastasis with high specificity and sensitivity in thyroid carcinomas can help in determining the extent of surgical intervention and subsequent radioiodine therapy.
muscle actin, syndecans, Src family kinases, CXCL12/CXCR4
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